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+
+\documentclass[fleqn,aspectratio=169]{beamer}
+
+
+\setbeamerfont{frametitle}{family=\bf}
+\setbeamerfont{normal text}{family=\rm}
+\setbeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{}
+
+\usepackage{textcomp,rotating}
+
+\title{Rejection-free cluster Monte Carlo in arbitrary external fields}
+\subtitle{Phys Rev E \textbf{98}, 063306 (2018)}
+\author{Jaron Kent-Dobias \and James P Sethna}
+\institute{Cornell University}
+\date{}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\def\tr{\mathop{\mathrm{Tr}}\nolimits}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \maketitle
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{Monte Carlo is too slow}
+
+  Critical phenomena are often studied on lattice models using Monte Carlo, but near critical points it suffers from \emph{critical slowing down}, power-law divergence of timescales.
+
+  \vspace{1em}
+
+  Slowing down has been alleviated in many models using cluster algorithms and their derivatives, but many applications lack a clean solution.
+
+  \vspace{1em}
+
+  We introduce a generic, natural, and efficient way to extend models with existing cluster algorithms to operate in arbitrary external fields.
+
+  \vspace{1em}
+
+  \begin{enumerate}
+    \item Introduction: The Ising Model
+      \begin{enumerate}
+        \item The Fortuin--Kasteleyn representation \& related algorithm
+        \item The ghost spin Hamiltonian \& extension to a field
+      \end{enumerate}
+    \item Our work: Other lattice models
+      \begin{enumerate}
+        \item Fortuin--Kasteleyn representations \& algorithms via Ising embeddings
+        \item The ghost transformation Hamiltonian \& clusters in arbitrary fields
+      \end{enumerate}
+  \end{enumerate}
+
+\end{frame}
+
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{Introduction: The Ising Model}
+  \framesubtitle{The Fortuin--Kasteleyn representation}
+
+  The Ising model
+  \[
+    \mathcal H=-\sum_{\langle ij\rangle}J_{ij}s_is_j
+  \]
+  for $s_i=\pm1$ on the lattice sites has a representation
+  \[
+    Z=\tr_se^{-\beta\mathcal H}\propto\tr_f\tr_s\prod_{\langle ij\rangle}\big[\delta_{f_{ij},0}(1-p_{ij})+\delta_{f_{ij},1}\delta_{s_i,s_j}p_{ij}\big]
+  \]
+  for $f_{ij}\in\{0,1\}$ on the lattice bonds and $p_{ij}=1-e^{-2\beta J_{ij}}$. This gives joint probability distributions
+  \begin{align*}
+    P(f_{ij}=1\mid s_i,s_j)=\begin{cases}p_{ij} & s_i=s_j \\ 0 & s_i\neq s_j\end{cases}
+    &&
+    P(s_i=s_j\mid f)=\begin{cases}1 & \text{$i$, $j$ in same cluster} \\ \frac12 & \text{otherwise}\end{cases}
+  \end{align*}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{Introduction: The Ising Model}
+  \framesubtitle{From representation to algorithm}
+
+  \begin{columns}
+    \begin{column}{0.55\textwidth}
+      \begin{overprint}
+        \onslide<1-2>\includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{figs/ising_fk_0_1}
+        \onslide<3>\includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{figs/ising_fk_0_2}
+        \onslide<4>\includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{figs/ising_fk_0_3}
+        \onslide<5>\includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{figs/ising_fk_0_4}
+      \end{overprint}
+    \end{column}
+    \begin{column}{0.45\textwidth}
+      The joint probabilities imply algorithm based on switching back an forth:
+      \begin{enumerate}
+        \item\alert<2>{Take a spin configuration.}
+        \item\alert<3>{Conditionally sample a configuration of bonds.}
+        \item\alert<4>{Gather sites connected by bonds into clusters.}
+        \item\alert<5>{Conditionally sample a configuration of spins.}
+      \end{enumerate}
+
+      \vspace{1em}
+
+    \tiny\raggedleft {Swendsen \& Wang, Phys Rev Lett \textbf{58} (1987) 56.}
+    \end{column}
+  \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{Introduction: The Ising Model}
+  \framesubtitle{The ghost spin representation}
+
+  \begin{columns}
+    \begin{column}{0.4\textwidth}
+      A field means clusters flip with probability that depends on size.
+
+      \vspace{1em}
+
+      But, Fortuin--Kasteleyn doesn't care about lattice topology! Adding a ghost spin coupled to every site with $\tilde J_{0i}=H_i$ gives
+      \[
+        \begin{aligned}
+          \tilde{\mathcal H}&=-\sum_{\langle ij\rangle}J_{ij}s_is_j-s_0\sum_iH_is_i \\
+          &=-\sum_{\langle ij\rangle}\tilde J_{ij}s_is_j
+        \end{aligned}
+      \]
+    \end{column}
+    \begin{column}{0.6\textwidth}
+      \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figs/ghost_site}
+
+      \vspace{1em}
+      \tiny\raggedleft {Coniglio, de Liberto, Monroy, \& Peruggi. J Phys A: Math Gen \textbf{22} (1989) L837.}
+    \end{column}
+  \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{Introduction: The Ising Model}
+  \framesubtitle{The ghost spin algorithm}
+  \begin{columns}
+    \begin{column}{0.55\textwidth}
+      \begin{overprint}
+        \onslide<1>\includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{figs/ising_fk_h_1}
+        \onslide<2>\includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{figs/ising_fk_h_2}
+        \onslide<3>\includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{figs/ising_fk_h_3}
+        \onslide<4>\includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{figs/ising_fk_h_4}
+      \end{overprint}
+    \end{column}
+    \begin{column}{0.45\textwidth}
+      Same algorithm can be run on new Hamiltonian without modification.
+
+      \vspace{1em}
+
+      If the cluster containing $s_0$ is flipped, flip it too!
+
+      \vspace{1em}
+
+      Properties of the original spins must be taken after ``unflipping'' the external field, or $s_0\times s$.
+
+    \end{column}
+  \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{Other lattice models}
+  \framesubtitle{Fortuin--Kasteleyn via embeddings}
+
+  \begin{columns}
+    \begin{column}{0.4\textwidth}
+    Cluster methods also known for models whose spins live in more complicated spaces $X$ and have
+    \[
+      \mathcal H=-\sum_{\langle ij\rangle}Z(s_i,s_j)
+    \]
+    If $G$ is the symmetry group of the spins, then a self-inverse element $r\in G$ can embed an Ising model
+    \[
+      J_{ij}(r,s)=\frac12|Z(s_i, s_j)-Z(s_i, r\cdot s_j)|
+    \]
+    \end{column}
+    \begin{column}{0.6\textwidth}
+      \centering 
+      \begin{tabular}{l|cc}
+        & $X$ & $G$ \\
+        \hline
+        Ising & $\pm1$ & $\mathbb Z/2\mathbb Z$ \\
+        $n$-vector & $(n-1)$ sphere & $\mathrm O(n)$ \\
+        Potts & $\{1,\ldots,q\}$ & Symmetric \\
+        Clock & $\{1,\ldots,q\}$ & Dihedral \\
+        Roughening & $\mathbb Z$ & Infinite Dihedral
+      \end{tabular}
+
+      \vspace{1em}
+
+      \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{figs/clocks}
+    \end{column}
+  \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{Other lattice models}
+  \framesubtitle{From embedding to algorithm\dots again}
+  \begin{columns}
+    \begin{column}{0.55\textwidth}
+      \begin{overprint}
+        \onslide<1-2>\includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{figs/ising_fks_0_1}
+        \onslide<3>\includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{figs/ising_fks_0_2}
+        \onslide<4>\includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{figs/ising_fks_0_3}
+        \onslide<5>\includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{figs/ising_fks_0_4}
+        \onslide<6>\includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{figs/ising_fks_0_5}
+        \onslide<7>\includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{figs/ising_fks_0_6}
+        \onslide<8>\includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{figs/ising_fks_0_7}
+      \end{overprint}
+    \end{column}
+    \begin{column}{0.45\textwidth}
+      \begin{enumerate}
+        \item\alert<2>{Take a spin configuration.}
+        \item\alert<3>{Draw a self-inverse $r\in G$.}
+        \item\alert<4>{Infer Ising $J_{ij}$.}
+        \item\alert<5>{Sample bonds as before.}
+        \item\alert<6>{Gather sites into clusters.}
+        \item\alert<7>{Sample spins by applying $r$ to clusters.}
+      \end{enumerate}
+
+      \vspace{1em}
+
+      \tiny\raggedleft{Wolff, Phys Rev Lett \textbf{62} (1989) 361.}
+    \end{column}
+  \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{Other lattice models}
+  \framesubtitle{The ghost\dots something representation}
+
+  Can we add an external field with a ghost spin as before? Yes, but only for fields whose interaction is like that of another spin.
+
+  \vspace{1em}
+
+  Rules out novel fields like harmonic lattice anisotropies, cubic potentials, around Potts first-order lines, etc.
+
+  \vspace{1em}
+
+  Need to track the full array of transformations that have included the ghost\dots
+
+  \vspace{1em}
+
+  \dots which is precisely what elements of the symmetry group do!
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{Other lattice models}
+  \framesubtitle{The ghost transformation representation}
+
+  For a lattice model with spins with symmetry group $G$ and
+  \[
+    \mathcal H=-\sum_{\langle ij\rangle}Z(s_i,s_j)-\sum_iB(s_i)
+  \]
+  for any function $B$, we introduce a ghost \emph{transformation} $s_0$ and modified Hamiltonian
+  \[
+    \tilde{\mathcal H}=-\sum_{\langle ij\rangle}Z(s_i,s_j)-\sum_iB(s_0^{-1}\cdot s_i)
+    =-\sum_{\langle ij\rangle}\tilde Z(s_i,s_j)
+  \]
+  for $\tilde Z(s_0,s_i)=B(s_0^{-1}\cdot s_i)$. Both Hamiltonians yields the same statistics for $s_i$ if accumulated transformations are undone first with $s_0^{-1}\cdot s_i$.
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{Other lattice models}
+  \framesubtitle{Ghost transformation in action}
+  \begin{columns}
+    \begin{column}{0.55\textwidth}
+      \begin{overprint}
+        \onslide<1-2>\includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{figs/potts_fk_h_1}
+        \onslide<3>\includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{figs/potts_fk_h_2}
+        \onslide<4>\includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{figs/potts_fk_h_3}
+        \onslide<5>\includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{figs/potts_fk_h_4}
+        \onslide<6>\includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{figs/potts_fk_h_5}
+        \onslide<7>\includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{figs/potts_fk_h_6}
+        \onslide<8>\includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{figs/potts_fk_h_7}
+      \end{overprint}
+    \end{column}
+    \begin{column}{0.45\textwidth}
+      \begin{enumerate}
+        \item\alert<2>{Take a spin configuration.}
+        \item\alert<3>{Draw a self-inverse $r\in G$.}
+        \item\alert<4>{Infer Ising $J_{ij}$.}
+        \item\alert<5>{Sample bonds as before.}
+        \item\alert<6>{Gather sites into clusters.}
+        \item\alert<7>{Sample spins by applying $r$ to clusters.}
+      \end{enumerate}
+    \end{column}
+  \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{Summary}
+
+  Introduced a generic method for running cluster Monte Carlo on lattice systems with any external field.
+
+  \vspace{1em}
+
+  Results generalize to arbitrary bond, site dependence.
+
+  \vspace{1em}
+
+  Dynamic scaling works as expected with Wolff or Swendsen--Wang exponents: models efficient at zero field are more efficient with a field, extension appears natural in the scaling sense.
+
+  \vspace{1em}
+
+  Currently working on using machine learning techniques to maximize efficiency related to the choice of the distribution of self-inverse group elements, i.e., Ising embeddings.
+
+  \vspace{1em}
+
+  Phys Rev E \textbf{98}, 063306 (2018) or contact Jaron Kent-Dobias (\texttt{jpk247@cornell.edu}).
+
+\end{frame}
+
+\end{document}
+